KWAHERI UKOLONI KWAHERI UHURU
MKOLONI MUINGEREZA
14th June 1890 Sultan wa Zanzibar alitiliana saini na Uingereza mkataba wa kukubali Uingereza ishughulikie masuala yote ya Zanzibar kuhusu mambo ya nje na uhusiano wa kimataifa ili kupata hifadhi na ulinzi wa Muingereza.
[It was the Agreement for Protection between Great Britain and the Sultan of Zanzibar signed at Zanzibar on 14th June 1890 that put Zanzibar under the British protectorate.]
Mwaka 1891 Muingereza alifanikiwa kumshawishi Sultani kuanzisha utawala wa kikatiba na General Sir Lloyd Mathews aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Kwanza wa Sultani (His Highness's First Minister) ili kumsaidia Sultani katika uendeshaji wa serikali kuhusu kazi za kila siku za mambo ya ndani ya nchi.Hatahivyo, mamlaka ya kutunga sheria yalibakia mikononi mwa Sultani mwenyewe.
Kwa upande wake Uingereza nayo ilikuwa na Balozi wake Zanzibar anaemuwakilisha Mfalme wa Uingereza (His Majesty's Agent and Consul-General).
Kulikuwa na Mahkama za Sultani zilizohusika na raia wote wa Sultani na waafrika wengine, vilevile, kulikuwa na Mahkama za Kiingereza zilizohusika na raia wote wa Uingereza, mataifa rafiki ambayo mahkama zao za kibalozi zilifungwa, na raia wa mataifa mengineyo ya kikristo ambayo hayakuwa na mabalozi Zanzibar.
1st July 1913 Cheo cha Waziri wa Kwanza na cheo cha Balozi wa Uingereza katika Zanzibar vilifutwa na badala yake kuanzishwa cheo kipya yaani Mwakilishi Mkaazi Muingereza (British Resident) ambae alitakiwa kufanyakazi chini ya usimamizi wa Kamishna Mkuu (High Commissioner).
1 Januari 1914 Uingereza iliyahamisha mambo yote ya Zanzibar kutoka Afisi ya Mambo ya Nje (Foreign Office) na kuyapeleka Afisi ya Makoloni (Colonial Office).
Katika mwaka huo huo wa 1914 Sultani alianzisha Baraza la Mahmia (Protectorate Council) chini ya uongozi wa Sultani akisaidiwa na Mwakilishi Mkaazi Muingereza. Wajumbe wengine wa Baraza hilo walikuwa ni Katibu wa Serikali, Mwanasheria Mkuu na Mweka Hazina. Kulikuwa na wajumbe wengine wanne wasio wa serikali ambao waliteuliwa na Mwakilishi Mkaazi Muingereza na kuridhiwa na Kamishna Mkuu. Kazi kubwa ya Baraza hilo ilikuwa ni kumshauri Sultani na kuthibitisha hukumu ya kifo iliyotolewa na mahkama dhidi ya raia wa Sultani.
Mwaka 1924 cheo cha Kamishna Mkuu kilifutwa na kikabakishwa kile cheo cha Mwakilishi mkaazi Muingereza. Aidha, mwaka huohuo 1926 sheria ilipitishwa iliyounda mabaraza mawili: Baraza la Utendaji (Executive Council (EXCO) au Majlis Tanfidh) na Baraza la Kutunga Sheria (Legislative Council (LEGCO) au Majlis Tashrii).
[The Executive Council, which mainly consisted of senior British administrators, was led by the Sultan.
The Legislative Council chaired by the British Resident consists of 12 members; six from government side (three ex officio members and three official members). Another six were nominated unofficial members.]
Mwaka 1946 The first African representation in the LEGCO, Sheikh Ameir Tajo was nominated. In 1947 Sheikh Ali Shariff was also nominated to the LEGCO to improve the Africans' representation.
Mwaka 1956 ilipitishwa sheria mpya ya Mabaraza Nambari 1 ya 1956. Sheria hii ilianzisha mabaraza matatu;
(i) Baraza la Ushauri (Privy Council) lililopewa kazi ya kumshauri Sultani katika kutekeleza kazi na majukumu yake ya kikatiba.
(ii) Baraza la Utendaji (Executive Council) lililoongozwa na Mwakilishi Mkaazi Muingereza ambalo lilipewa kazi ya kusimamia utendaji wa kila siku wa shughuli za serikali.
(iii) Baraza la Kutunga Sheria (Legislative Council) ambalo lilikuwa na wajumbe 13 ambao ni afisa wa serikali na wajumbe 12 wasiokuwa maafisa wa serikali. Wajumbe 12 wasiokuwa maafisa wa serikali walipatikana kwa uteuzi (wajumbe 6) na uchaguzi (wajumbe 6).
Mwaka 1957 ulifanyika uchaguzi wa kwanza chini ya mfumo wa vyama vingi Zanzibar ili kupata wajumbe 6 wa kuingia kwenye LEGCO.
24 Juni 1963 ilipatikana Serikali ya ndani.
27 Novemba 1963; Bunge la Katiba lilipitisha Katiba ya Zanzibar ya 1963.
10 Disemba 1963 uhuru kutoka kwa Muingereza ulitolewa na kuanza kutumika kwa Katiba mpya ya 1963.
MKOLONI MTANGANYIKA (MKOLONI MWEUSI)
April 1964 Mkoloni mweusi alianza hila za kumghilibu Sh Abeid Aman Karume, na pia kutimiza lile lengo lake la siku nyingi, kuua Taifa la Zanzibar.
22/04/1964 Mkoloni mweusi alifanya vitu vyake baada ya kulitia mikononi dola ya Zanzibar kwa gharama ya chee.
[KWA KUSHUHUDIA HAPA Julius K. Nyerere, Rais wa Jamuhuri ya Tanganyika na Abeid Karume, Rais wa Jamuhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar, wametia sahihi nakala mbili za mkataba huu, hapa Zanzibar, siku ya tarehe ishirini na mbili ya mwezi wa Aprili, 1964.]
Katika mkataba huu, Mkoloni mweusi alichukua nguvu zetu za utaifa na udola, Wakachukua uwezo wetu wa kiuchumi nakadhalika, kwa mambo yafuatayo:
(a) Ulinzi.
(b) Polisi.
(c) Mamlaka ya mambo yanayohusika na hali ya hatari.
(d) Uraia
(e) Uhamiaji
(f) Mikopo na Biashara ya Nchi za Nje.
(g) Utumishi katika Jamuhuri ya Muungano.
(h) Kodi ya mapato inayolipwa na watu binafsi na mashirika, ushuru wa forodha na ushuru wa bidhaa zinazotengenezwa nchini na kusimamiwa na idara ya forodha.
(i) Bandari, mambo yanayohusu usafiri wa anga, Posta na Simu.
25/04/1964 alianza ubadhirifu wa hila, ujanja na udanganyifu wa kutumia kalamu kabla Muungano kuanza, juu ya yale waliyokubaliana na mwenzake Rais wa Zanzibar. Tarehe hii kulikua hakuna Bunge la Muungano, kwani lililazimika liundwe baada ya sheria kupitishwa pia wawemo wabunge wasiopunga 32 kutoka Zanzibar (wajumbe wa Baraza la Mapinduzi).
(i) Bunge la Tanganyika lililokaa kupitisha sheria ya kukubali Muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar, kwa makusudi, lilikubali kuifuta katiba ya Tanganyika na hivyo kuifuta Serikali yenyewe. Hivyo kuifanya katiba hiyo ya Tanganyika iwe katiba ya muungano.
"On the commencement of the Interim constitution of the United Republic, the Constitution of Tanganyika shall cease to have effect for the Government of Tanganyika as a separate part of the United Republic"
"Mara tu itapoanza kutumika katiba ya muda ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar, katiba ya Tanganyika itasita kutumika kwa ajili ya Serikali ya Tanganyika kama ni sehemu nje ya katiba na Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar"
(ii) Siku hii wafanyakazi wote wa Serikali ya Tanganyika wakawa wafanyakazi wa Muungano.
(iii) Mahakama ya Tanganyika ikawa ndiyo ya Muungano, na Majaji wake wakawa ndio majaji wa Muungano .
(iv) Muhuri wa Tanganyika nao ukawa ndio Muhuri wa Muungano (Public Seal).
(v) Rais wa Tanganyika akajipa madaraka ya kutunga kanuni zilizompa uwezo wa kutoa maagizo yanayohusu mambo ya Muungano kwa kutumia kanuni (Decrees) za sheria ya Tanganyika. Pamoja na kupewa madaraka hayo na makubaliano ya Muungano, lakini kanuni hizo zilikua zitungwe na Bunge la Muungano siyo Bunge la Tanganyika.
11/12/1964 Mkoloni Mweusi alijibadilisha jina na kuanza kutumia usanii wake kwa kuunda jina la TANZANIA kinyume cha makubaliano na mwenzake.
"Prior to the enactment of the Interim constitution of 1965, another constitutional problem appears to have been created by the change of name of the United Republic from the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar to the United Republic of Tanzania, with effect from 11th December 1964 (declaration of Name Act 1964 (section 3).
18 Juni 1965 Mkoloni mweusi dhahiri shahiri aliziiba fedha na hazina za Zanzibar kwa kuanzisha Benki kuu ya Tanzania iliyoundwa kwa sheria ya benki Kuu ya Tanzania ya 1965. Kazi ya kwanza ya Tanganyika ikawa kuingiza shughuli za matumizi ya sarafu ya Tanganyika na utawala wa mabenki ya Tanganyika kuwa ni shughuli za Muungano. Mkoloni alipeleka Bungeni marekebisho ya Katiba hiyo na kuongeza kifungu cha orodha ya Makubaliano ya Muungano kinachohusu masuala ya fedha, mabenki, sarafu, fedha za kigeni na udhibiti wa fedha za kigeni kuwa katika orodha ya mambo ya Muungano kama inavyosemeka.
"The following matters are hereby reserved to the Parliament and Executive of the United Republic and declared Union matters: currency, coinage and legal tender (including paper money; banks (including saving banks) and banking; foreign exchange and exchange control; and subsection (1) of the section 68 of the Interim constitution is hereby amended by adding the said matters as a new item (xii) to the definition of "Union matters" therein."
(Interim Constitution 1965)
22 Machi 1966 Mkoloni alizikumbiza haki na amana zote (assets) za Zanzibar zilizokuwemo katika Bodi hiyo zipelekwe katika Benki Kuu chini ya Serikali ya Muungano na kwamba kuanzia pale ni Gavana wa Benki Kuu ya Tanzania pekee ndiye tu ataeiwakilisha Tanzania katika Bodi hiyo.
Baadhi ya maelezo ya barua ya Mhe. Amir H. Jamal yanasomeka hivi:
" On behalf of the Government of United Republic of Tanzania (hereinafter referred to as "the Government") I have to say that in view of sub-clause xi and sub-clause xii of the definition of "Union matters" in section 85 of the Interim Constitution of Tanzania 1965 (No. 43 of 1965) barua inaendelea —— (a) —-,
(b) all distributions of capital or profits made by the Board in respect of Tanzania including any share which but for the provisions of the Interim Constitution, referred to above, would be payable direct to the Executive for Zanzibar, are due and payable only to the Government
Mwaka 1969 Wameyaweka mafuta na gas asilia kuwa ni mambo ya muungano. Lakushangaza sheria zinazotumika ni za mwaka 1980.
[Petroleum exploration and development in Tanzania is governed by the Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act 1980.]
5/2/1977 Mkoloni mweusi akahakikisha kwamba hatuna chama cha watu cha kutetea maslahi ya Zanzibar. Aliviunganisha vyama vya ASP na kile cha TANU. Mwishowe wameingia hata katika utamaduni wetu.
Mwaka 1977 Mkoloni alijifananiza na kinyonga, akaanza kujibadilisha tena jina la nchi yake ili apate kuibadilisha na nchi ya Zanzibar. Baada ya kutungwa kwa Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ya mwaka 1977. Ibara ya 94(1) ya Katiba hiyo inaweka majina ya Tanzania Bara ikimaanisha iliyokuwa Jamhuri ya Watu wa Tanganyika na Tanzania Visiwani ikiwa ni ile iliyokuwa Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar.
Mwaka 1984 kulikuwa na mabadiliko mengine ya Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. Mabadiliko hayo (The 5th Constitutional Amendment) yalifanywa ili kubadilisha maneno Tanzania Visiwani "Kuwa Tanzania Zanzibar" kwa kumaanisha ile iliokuwa Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar.
Mwaka 1992 Mkoloni mweusi alijitengenezea mfumo wa vyama vingi chini ya himaya yake. Hali iliyoibana Zanzibar kutokuwa na vyama vya kutetea maslahi yake pekee bila ya idhini ya mkoloni.
Mwaka 1993 Mkoloni alikataa katakata na kuilazimisha Zanzibar iliyokwisha jiunga na jumuiya ya OIC, kujitoa.
Mwaka 1995 Mkoloni mweusi alikiondosha cheo cha Rais wa Zanzibar kuwa Makamo wa Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano. Hali iliyopelekea kushuka hadhi ya Rais wa Zanzibar pamoja na kupoteza itifaki yake.
Mwaka 2003 Mkoloni Mweusi ulijikumbuzia mapato yatokanayo na uchumi wa Zanzibar pale walipoanzisha Tanzania Revenue Aothority (TRA).
Mwaka Mkoloni amejichukulia maliasili ya Zanzibar kwa kuifanya Bahari kuu (Deep sea) kuwa suala la muungano. Hata hivyo serikali ya Zanzibar bado haijaridhia uamuzi huu, tayari wameshaanza kuchukua mapato yapatikanayo kutoka bahari kuu
When the British Protectorate over Zanzibar was enforced in 1890, due to the death of Khalifa bin Said (ruler of Zanzibar), the island was in tatters. The new sultan was 'allowed' to continue in a ceremonial capacity but the British really called all the shots. By the end of World War I, the British were handed control of Tanganyika (to become Tanzania) but kept the two areas separate as Zanzibar still had a sultan. (http://www.purezanzibar.com/About.aspx)
http://www.maalimseifforpresident.net/speeches_muungano.html
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